Proto-neutron stars are the remnants of recent supernova explosions of massive stars. Proto-neutron stars have a seething-hot surface which forms a boiling soup of tiny particles. These tiny particles, which include protons, electrons and neutrinos, as well as some of their related anti-particles, react with each other and stream off the hot surface of the proto-neutron star. This article studies the reactions and properties of this seething soup of particles and helps astronomers better understand the behaviors of this gas as it boils off the surface.
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